Kecepatan Akses Internet

1. DIAL UP

Jika kita menghubungkan computer dengan koneksi dial-up, ada 2 perangkat tambahan yang kita butuhkan, yaitu saluran telepon dan modem. Saluran telepon dibutuhkan untuk menghubungkan computer kita dengan ISP yang digunakan. Sedangkan modem dibutuhkan untuk mengubah sinyal digital menjadi sinyal analog agar dapat dikirimkan melalui saluran telepon, dan juga sebaliknya. Ada 2 jenis modem yaitu, modem internal dan eksternal. Modem internal adalah modem yang dipasang langsung di mainboard computer, sedangkan modem eksternal adalah modem yang terpisah dengan computer.

Kelebihan ADSL :

• Pembagian frekuensi menjadi dua
• kegiatan Internet menjadi jauh lebih murah. Sehingga kita dapat berInternet tanpa khawatir dengan tagihan yang membengkak.

Kekurangan ADSL :

• sangat berpengaruhnya jarak pada kecepatan pengiriman data
• Tidak semua software dapat menggunakan modem ADSL
• Adanya load coils yang dipakai untuk memberikan layanan telepon ke daerah-daerah
• Adanya Bridged tap
• Penggunaan fiber optic pada saluran telepon digital yang dipakai saat ini
• Kecepatan koneksi modem ADSL masih tergantung dengan jarak tiang telkom atau DSLAM terdekat

2. ADSL

Merupakan teknologi yang mengirimkan sinyal-sinyal melalui kabel tembaga pada frekuensi yang berbeda dengan frekuensi yang digunakan untuk pelayanan telepon.

Kelebihan ADSL :

• Pembagian frekuensi menjadi dua
• kegiatan Internet menjadi jauh lebih murah. Sehingga kita dapat berInternet tanpa khawatir dengan tagihan yang membengkak.

Kekurangan ADSL :

• sangat berpengaruhnya jarak pada kecepatan pengiriman data
• Tidak semua software dapat menggunakan modem ADSL
• Adanya load coils yang dipakai untuk memberikan layanan telepon ke daerah-daerah
• Adanya Bridged tap
• Penggunaan fiber optic pada saluran telepon digital yang dipakai saat ini
• Kecepatan koneksi modem ADSL masih tergantung dengan jarak tiang telkom atau DSLAM terdekat

3. 3G

Pada dasarnya perkembangan teknologi komunikasi ini disebabkan oleh keinginan untuk selalu memperbaiki kinerja, kemampuan dan efisiensi dari teknologi generasi sebelumnya. Ada pun perkembangan teknologi nirkabel dapat dirangkum sebagai berikut:

1. Generasi pertama: analog,, kecepatan rendah (low-speed), cukup untuk suara. Contoh: NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) dan AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone System). Dimulai pada awal 1980-an sebagai bagian komersil dari AMPS. Menggunakan format FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) yang membawa suara analog sebesar 800 Mhz pita frekuensi.
2. Generasi kedua: digital, kecepatan rendah - menengah. Contoh: GSM dan CDMA2000 1xRTT. Berkembang di awal 1990-an saat operator seluler mengeluarkan 2 macam standar suara digital, GSM dan CDMA dimana GSM menggunakan sistem TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) yang mampu mengirimkan panggilan sampai 8 saluran di pita 900 dan 1800 MHz, sedangkan CDMA sendiri adalah singkatan dari (Code Division Multiple Access) yang mampu mengirimkan sinyal panggilan sampai 16 saluran di pita frekuensi 800 MHz.
3. Generasi ketiga: digital, kecepatan tinggi (high-speed), untuk pita lebar (broadband). Contoh: W-CDMA (atau dikenal juga dengan UMTS) dan CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO. 3G merupakan terobosan dalam pengiriman paket data yang memungkinkan berbagai aplikasi jaringan diterapkan. Dengan kata lain, 3G menghadirkan sebuah perubahan evolusioner dalam kecepatan pemindahan data.

4. WiFi

Wirelless Fidelity adalah teknologi jaringan tanpa kabel menggunakan frekuensi tinggi berada pada spektrum 2,4 GHz. Wi-Fi memiliki pengertian yaitu sekumpulan standar yang digunakan untuk Jaringan Lokal Nirkabel (Wireless Local Area Networks - WLAN) yang didasari pada spesifikasi IEEE 802.11. Standar terbaru dari spesifikasi 802.11a atau b, seperti 802.16 g, saat ini sedang dalam penyusunan, spesifikasi terbaru tersebut menawarkan banyak peningkatan mulai dari luas cakupan yang lebih jauh hingga kecepatan transfernya.


xoxo-TengkuRainna

Pulp Robots

The natural habitat of the robot of popular imagination is in the pages of pulp fiction. There they were free to run the gamut of everything from the berserk monster above to the more workaday photographer robot below. Many people think that every robot between the covers of pulp sci-fi magazines was doing little more than rampaging, revolting, making war on the human race, and carrying off women for no readily apparent reason. In fact, many pulp stories had very sympathetic robots, and not just those in Isaac Asimov's famous stories. There were heroic robots, tragic robots, and even little a lost robot from Mars. Not to mention vain robots that stared in mirrors all day and a legion of robots that acted as servants, sidekicks, and general window dressings for the doings at hand.

The wonderful thing about the pulp robots is that they were the most free-wheeling sort. They could be menaces, servants, saviors, allegories, or metaphors. They could not only be predictions for the outcome of a particular branch of technology, but also a way of discussing the relationship between man, his machines, and even progress in general. They could stand in for any sort of technical advancement in a way that could be identified with; whether that advancement was a boon or a menace.

And beyond that, pulp robots were COOL!

(source : davidszondy.com)

Elektro

Ladies and gentlemen, let me present the most famous robot of the 1930s: Elektro, the Westinghouse Motoman. This gigantic golden mechanical man performed daily before packed houses at the Westinghouse pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Mention the word "robot" to anyone before 1950 and odds are he'd be thinking of Elektro, which is interesting when you think about how quickly he slipped out of popular culture. By the '60s, it was difficult to even find photographs of the old tin. Bad agent, I guess.

Standing on a platform high above the crowds, Elektro would go through his paces under voice control of his operator, who spoke his commands into a telephone handset as a light flashed in a hole in Elektro's midriff. Elektro needed his operator to enunciate every word in a slow, stilted voice. This seemed strange, since it appeared as if Elektro could apparently understand colloquial English, but what he was really reacting to was the pattern of sounds that the operator spoke rather than the words.

With a loud electrical whine, Elektro would walk about the stage in a slow slide that betrayed the rollers on his feet. Despite his bulk, he was pretty much a hollow tin, as his operator could turn Elektro with a light push of one hand. Other exciting things that Elektro could do was move his head and arms, count on his fingers, recognise colours, smoke cigarettes, and talk. Is that Vegas I hear calling?

William Jennings Bryant, Elektro was not. His pro-nounce-each-syl-la-ble-like-this delivery was at odds with his tendency to call people "Toots" and make bad jokes. Well, you can't really blame him, seeing as he had a brain of only "forty eight electrical relays."

(source: davidszondy.com)

Electronic Brains

You would think that what with computers being such a ubiquitous part of our technology that they'd loom large in the tales of Future Past, but they are actually largely notable by their absence. Part of the problem was that until you get your hands on one, computers are very difficult machines to understand. This was true not only of popular science writers, but even of computer scientists who spent their working hours designing the IBMs and Univacs of the day, but rarely had much opportunity to play around with them and get a feel for what sort of a machine it was.

In the popular, and often the professional mind, a computer was a large machine that did all sorts of impressive things. Okay, like what? Well, it did arithmetic. And it could remember all sorts of facts like payroll records and such. Anything else? Well, yeah. Such as? Well, it... It can... or maybe it... Oh, I don't know. But it's probably very impressive.

Because the concept that computers were simply machines that processed data hadn't sunk in, there developed a weird double image of them. On the one hand, few people could grasp that computers could do more than crunch numbers because that is what they were used for mainly. The idea that any information could be reduced to numbers and manipulated accordingly took decades to be fully appreciated. In the meantime, people were aware that computers were powerful machines (from their size, they had to be!) and were capable of all sorts of things. After all, they could predict who would win elections, guide rockets into space, and send you a phone bill. Surely they did this because they were "smart." Thus was born the popular myth of the Thinking Machine; the Electronic Brain that could answer all questions like an oracle and whose circuits were filled with mild contempt for the puny-brained creatures that had built it.

That such machines were conscious and capable of reasoning wasn't just a future possibility, it was thought by many to be established fact. I remember back in the '70s I was at an exhibit that showcased a computer terminal. The terminal was disconnected from its mainframe at the time and there was a visitor typing into the keyboard. Whatever he entered, the monitor would flash "Illegal Command." After a while, the man started asking the terminal "What is an illegal command?" and all sorts of other things in a vain attempt to reason with the machine into doing something!

Oddly, computers were already around for quite some time. In 1833, Charles Babbage began work on what is arguably the first true computer: the Analytical Engine. This wasn't a machine of silicon and plastic operating off electricity, but a mechanical computer that used gearing to calculate its answers. Babbage tried for years to complete his engine, but was unsuccessful because the materials and machine cutting technologies of his day were too imprecise, but the principles upon which the engine was based are exactly those used in our most modern computers

You can see the Analytical Engine and its printer unit, recently completed from Babbage's plans, at the Science Museum in London. It's a huge bruiser of steel and brass weighing tons and as impressive a paperweight as man ever devised. But you can't help looking at it and be a bit disconcerted when you realise that there isn't one whit of electrics about the thing and yet all its gears and cam shafts do basically the same job as our PCs.

I often wonder if our computer revolution is one of true invention or just a playing out of a technology where the big hurtles were cleared nearly two centuries ago.

Babbage's engine wasn't just a strange anachronism of the Victorian Age. The mechanical computer had a long and distinguished career well into the 1950s. Machines such as the Differential Analyzer would routinely handle the most complex of calculations. The only drawback was that you literally had to take the machine apart and put it back together again to get it to work on a new problem, but it looked impressive.-- so much so that in the George Pal movie When Worlds Collide (1951) there was a sequence showing the DA calculating the orbit of the planet that would crash into the Earth.

It's so much easier to sell a bizarre idea when a honking big machine is around to crank out the answer. It just isn't the same when it comes from a 50p calculator out of box of corn flakes, even though it has a hundred times the number crunching ability.

Here is a perfect picture of what the computer of the future was supposed to look like or, at least, what it was supposed to be a recognisable descendant of; the 1948 IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator.

Actually, you're only seeing one part of it. The whole thing covered half a football field in area. It had 21,400 relays, 12,000 valves, and spools of paper tape so large they looked like something out of a newsprint shop. This isn't computer design, it's building architecture. I mean literally. I can't tell where the computer leaves off and the building begins. But this was the vision of what computers would look like. They would be larger and larger machines as they grew more powerful; attended by engineers like priests of the electronic god as it sat ruminating in its air-conditioned temple. Meanwhile, the air would be filled with the clicking of relays and the soft susurrations of tape drives serving as Gregorian chants of the New Age.

(source: davidszondy.com)

iPhone 4

The iPhone 4 is a slate smartphone developed by Apple. It is the fourth generation of iPhone, and successor to the iPhone 3GS. It is particularly marketed for video calling, consumption of media such as books and periodicals, movies, music, and games, and for general web and e-mail access. It was announced on June 7, 2010 at the WWDC 2010 at the Moscone Center, San Francisco,^[7] and was released on June 24, 2010 in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan.

The iPhone 4 runs Apple's iOS operating system, the same operating system as used on previous iPhones, the iPad, and the iPod Touch. It is primarily controlled by a user's fingertips on the multi-touch display, which is sensitive to fingertip contact.

The most noticeable difference between the iPhone 4 and its predecessors is the new design, which incorporates an uninsulated stainless steelframe that acts as the device's antenna. The internal components of the device are situated between two panels of chemically strengthenedaluminosilicate glass.^[8] It has an Apple A4 processor and 512 MB of eDRAM, twice that of its predecessor and four times that of the original iPhone. Its 3.5-inch (89 mm) LED backlit liquid crystal display with an increased 960×640 pixel resolution is marketed as the "Retina Display". Some iPhone 4 buyers have reported signal reduction when the phone is held in certain ways, especially in the left hand, as the antenna problem is in the bottom left corner of the phone's side casing. The company has offered customers a free case until September 30, 2010, or a refund within 30 days of purchase, as cases have been shown to correct this antenna problem.^[9] The latest operating system release, iOS 4.1, added functionality such as high dynamic range photos and the Game Center.

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